asc:american-football

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asc:american-football [2020/08/21 02:45]
dunbar [Organization of Football in the United States - 美国的足球组织] 		asc:american-football [2020/08/26 07:46] (当前版本)
dunbar [Rules - 美式足球规则]
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 {{ :asc:unknown-early-american-football-team.jpg?400 | An early U.S. football team.}} {{ :asc:unknown-early-american-football-team.jpg?400 | An early U.S. football team.}}
  
-<span lo>An early U.S. football team.\\ 一只早期的美国足球队</span>+<span lo>An early U.S. football team.\\ 一支早期的美国足球队</span>
  
 <div group> <div group>
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 <div half column> <div half column>
 国际美式足球联合会是美式足球的管理机构，有来自南北美洲、欧洲、亚洲和大洋洲的45个成员协会。国际足联还负责监督每四年举办一次的美式足球世界杯。1999年和2003年举办的前两届世界杯，日本队都获得了冠军。没有参加过前几届世界杯的美国队在2007年获得了冠军。尽管如此，这项运动在大多数国家的普及速度还是很慢。 国际美式足球联合会是美式足球的管理机构，有来自南北美洲、欧洲、亚洲和大洋洲的45个成员协会。国际足联还负责监督每四年举办一次的美式足球世界杯。1999年和2003年举办的前两届世界杯，日本队都获得了冠军。没有参加过前几届世界杯的美国队在2007年获得了冠军。尽管如此，这项运动在大多数国家的普及速度还是很慢。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +==== Rules - 美式足球规则 ====
 +
 +<div center round tip 90%>
 +1 Yard（码） = 0.9144 Meter（米）\\ 1 Foot（英尺） = 0.3048 Meter（米）
 +</div>
 +
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +The object of American football is to score more points than the opposing team within the time limit of the game. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +美式橄榄球的目标是在比赛时限内比对方得分多。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +{{ :asc:american-football-field.png?500 | An American football field}}
 +
 +<span lo>The numbers on the field indicate the number of yards to the nearest end zone.\\ 场上的数字表示距离最近的终点区的码数。</span>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +American football is played on a field 120 yards[(编者注：120码约等于109.7米。)] long by 160 feet[(编者注：160英尺约等于48.8米。)] wide. The longer boundary lines are //sidelines//, while the shorter boundary lines are //end lines//. Near each end of the field are two //goal lines// located 100 yards apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards[(编者注：10码约等于9.2米。)] beyond each goal line to each end line. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +美式足球是在长120码[(#3)]、宽160英尺[(#4)]的场地上进行。较长的边界线是“边线”，而较短的边界线是“底线”。靠近球场两端是两条相距100码[(#5)]的“得分线”。一个被称为端区的得分区域在每条球门线外10码处延伸到每条端线。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +//Yard lines// cross the field every five yards, and are numbered from each goal line to the 50-yard line, or midfield. Two rows of lines, known as //hash marks//, are interspersed between the yard lines, one yard apart from each other. All plays start with the ball on or between the hash marks. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +“分码线”每隔5码穿过球场，从每条球门线到50码线或中场都有编号。两行线，称为“码标线”，穿插在码线之间，彼此相隔1码。所有的比赛都从球在码标线上或码标线之间开始。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +At the back of each end zone are two //goal posts// (also called //uprights//) 18.5 feet apart and connected by a crossbar 10 feet from the ground. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +在每个端区的后方，有两根相距18.5英尺的“门柱”（也叫“立柱”），并由一根距离地面10英尺的横杆连接。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Each team has 11 players on the field at a time. However, teams may substitute for any or all of their players, if time allows, during the break between plays during time-outs. As a result, players have very specialized roles, and the large majority of the 46 active players on an NFL team will play in any given game. Thus, teams are divided into three separate units: the offense, the defense, and the special teams, which are involved in kicking plays. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +每队每次有11名球员上场。但是，如果时间允许，各队可以在暂停期间的比赛间歇期替换任何或全部球员。因此，球员的作用非常专业，NFL球队的46名现役球员中的绝大部分都会在任何一场比赛中出场。因此，球队被分为三个独立的单位：进攻、防守和参与踢球战术的特勤组。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +=== Game duration -  比赛持续时间 ===
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +A standard professional or college football game consists of four 15-minute quarters—typically lasting 12 minutes in high-school football—with a half-time intermission after the second quarter. The clock stops after certain plays; therefore, a game lasts considerably longer than the official game time, often more than three hours in real-time. If an NFL game is tied after four quarters, the teams play an additional period lasting up to 15 minutes. In an NFL overtime game, the first team that scores wins; this is referred to as sudden death[(编者注：Sudden death，突然死亡法，指比赛出现平局时在加时赛中先得分者即为胜方。（必应词典）)]. In a regular-season NFL game, if neither team scores in overtime, the game is a tie. In an NFL playoff game, additional overtime periods are played, as needed, to determine a winner. College overtime rules are more complicated. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +一场标准的职业或大学足球比赛由四节15分钟的比赛组成，而高中足球比赛中通常持续12分钟，第二节结束后有半场中场休息。在某些比赛结束后，计时会停止；因此，一场比赛持续的时间比官方比赛时间要长得多，经常会超过三个小时。如果一场NFL比赛在四节后打平，那么两队将进行长达15分钟的加时赛。在NFL加时赛中，先得分的球队获胜；这被称为突然死亡法[(#6)]。在NFL常规赛中，如果两队在加时赛中都没有得分，则比赛为平局。在NFL季后赛中，根据需要进行额外的加时赛来决定胜负。大学加时赛的规则比较复杂。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +=== Advancing the ball - 带球前进 ===
 +
 +{{ :asc:football-cross.jpg?400 | A line of scrimmage}}
 +
 +<span lo>A line of scrimmage\\ 一条争球线</span>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +The team that takes possession of the ball (the **offense**) has four attempts, called **downs**, to advance the ball ten yards toward their opponent's (the defense's) end zone. When the offense gains ten yards, it gets a **first down**, which means the team has another set of four downs to gain yet another ten yards or score with. If the offense fails to gain a first down (ten yards) after four downs, the other team gets possession of the ball. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +占有球权的一方（**进攻方**）有四次尝试，称为**档**，将球推进到对手（防守方）的端区十码。当进攻方获得十码时，它就会获得**一档**，这意味着该队有另一组四次进攻来获得另一个十码或得分。如果进攻方在四次进攻后未能获得第一次进攻（十码），则对方获得球权。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Before each down, each team chooses a **play**, or coordinated set of actions, that the players should follow on a down. Sometimes, downs themselves are referred to as "plays." The plays are usually communicated in a "huddle" in which the players group together so that the play will not be known by the opposing team; however, plays are often called out by the captain on the line of scrimmage. These plays are called "audibles" and often involve codes to prevent the opposing team's understanding. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +在每次进攻之前，每支球队都会选择一个**战术**，或者说一套协调的行动，球员们在进攻时应该遵循。有时，进攻本身被称为“战术”。这些战术通常是在“围观”中传达的，在这个过程中，球员们会聚在一起，这样战术就不会被对方球队知道；但是，战术通常是由队长在防线上喊出来的。这些战术被称为“试探”，往往涉及到密码，以防止对方球队的理解。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +{{ :asc:2006-ut-fall-scrimmage-snead.jpg?400 | A quarterback searching for an opportunity to throw a pass}}
 +
 +<span lo>A quarterback searching for an opportunity to throw a pass\\ 四分卫在寻找机会传球</span>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Except at the beginning of halves and after scores, the ball is always put into play by a **snap**. Offensive players line up facing the defensive players at the line of scrimmage—the position on the field where the play begins. One offensive player, the center, then passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to a teammate, usually the quarterback. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +除了在半场开始和得分后，球总是通过一个**发球**进入比赛。进攻队员在防守队员面前排成一排，面对着防守队员的防线，也就是比赛开始的位置。一名进攻球员，即中锋，然后将球从他的两腿之间传给（或“发球给”）队友，通常是四分卫。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Players can then advance the ball in two ways: 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +选手可以通过两种方法带球前进：
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +  - By running with the ball, also known as **rushing**. One ball-carrier can hand the ball to another player or pass the ball through the air backwards to another player. These are known as a **handoff** and a **lateral** respectively.
 +  - By throwing the ball forward to a teammate, known as a forward pass or as **passing** the football. The offense can throw the ball forward only once on a play, and only before crossing the line of scrimmage.
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +  - 通过带球跑动，又称冲球（又译跑阵）。一名持球队员可以将球交给另一名队员，也可以将球从空中向后传给另一名队员。它们分别称为**递传**和**横向传球**。
 +  - 通过将球向前投给队友，称为前传或**向前传球**。进攻方在一次比赛中只能向前投球一次，而且只能在越过防线之前投球。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +{{ :asc:2006-pro-bowl-tackle.jpg?400 | A running back being tackled when he tries to run with the ball}}
 +
 +<span lo>A running back being tackled when he tries to run with the ball\\ 奔跑的后卫在试图带球奔跑时被扑到</span>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +A down ends, and the ball becomes dead, after any of the following: 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +在下列任何一种情况下，一次“档”结束后，球成为死球。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +  * The player with the ball is forced to the ground (tackled) or has his forward progress halted by members of the other team.
 +  * A forward pass touches the ground before it is caught or is caught out of bounds. This is known as an **incomplete pass**. The ball is returned to the most recent line of scrimmage for the next down.
 +  * The ball or the player with the ball goes beyond the dimensions of the field (**out of bounds**).
 +  * A team scores.
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +  * 持球队员被迫倒地（被擒抱）或其进攻已被对方球员拦阻。
 +  * 前传球在被接住前触地或出界，这被称为**不成功传球**。球被送回最近的防线然后进行下一次进攻。
 +  * 球或持球队员超出场地范围（**出界**）。
 +  * 一队得分。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Officials blow a whistle to notify players that the down is over. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +裁判吹响哨子，通知球员们下场就算作比赛结束。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +=== Change of possession - 攻守交换 ===
 +
 +{{ :asc:virginia-tech-hokies-block-punt-vs-duke.jpg?400 | A kicker punts the ball while his opponent attempts to block the punt.}}
 +
 +<span lo>A kicker punts the ball while his opponent attempts to block the punt.\\ 踢球者在对方试图阻挡时踢球。</span>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +The offense maintains possession of the ball unless one of the following things occur: 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +进攻方保持对球的控制，除非发生下列情况之一： 
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +  * The team fails to get a first down (i.e., in four downs they fail to move ten yards ahead of where they got their last first down). The defensive team takes over the ball at the spot where the fourth-down play ends.
 +  * The offense scores a touchdown or field goal. The team that scored then kicks the ball to the other team in a special play called a **kickoff**.
 +  * The offense punts the ball to the defense. A **punt** is a kick in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground. Punts are nearly always made on a fourth down when the offensive team does not want to risk giving up the ball to the other team at its current spot on the field and feels it is too far from the other team's goalposts to attempt a field goal.
 +  * A defensive player catches a forward pass. This is called an **interception**, and the player who makes the interception can run with the ball until he is tackled, forced out of bounds, or scores.
 +  * An offensive player loses the ball (a **fumble**) before being tackled and a defensive player picks it up. As with interceptions, a player "recovering" a fumble can run with the ball until tackled or forced out of bounds. Lateral passes that are not caught, or caught by a defensive player, are considered fumbles. Lost fumbles and interceptions are together known as **turnovers**. In college rules, a player who recovers the ball by falling on it, may not advance the ball even if he has not been tackled.
 +  * The offensive team misses a field goal attempt. In this case, the defensive team gets the ball at the spot where the previous play began or—in the NFL—at the spot of the kick. If the unsuccessful kick was attempted from within 20 yards of the end zone, the other team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line (that is, 20 yards from the end zone).
 +  * The defense forces a "safety." If an offensive ball-carrier is tackled or forced out of bounds in his own end-zone—or loses the ball out of bounds there, or the offense commits certain penalties in the end-zone—the defense scores a "safety," worth two points. The offense must then kick the ball to the defense from its own 20-yard line.
 +  * An offensive ballcarrier fumbles the ball forward into the end zone and then the ball goes out of bounds. This rare occurrence leads to a **touchback**, with the ball going over to the opposing team at their 20-yard line. (However, touchbacks during non-offensive special teams plays, such as punts and kickoffs, are quite common.)
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +  * 球队未能获得第一次进攻（即在四次进攻中，未能在最后一次进攻的位置前移10码）。防守一方可在最后一次进攻完结的地方开始反攻
 +  * 进攻队达阵得分或射门得分。得分的一方将球踢给另一方，这种特殊战术称为**开球**。
 +  * 进攻方将球踢给防守方。**弃踢**是指球员在球落地前将球丢弃并踢出的一种踢法。弃踢几乎都是在第四次进攻时进行的，这时进攻方不想冒着将球让给对方的风险，在当前场上的位置，并且觉得离对方的门柱太远，不能尝试射门。
 +  * 防守方的球员接到进攻方的传球，称之为**抄截**（又译为**拦截**）。拦截的球员可以带球跑，直到被擒抱、被迫出界或得分。
 +  * 进攻球员在被擒抱前丢球（即**掉球**），防守球员捡到球。与抄截一样，防守方拿到对方掉球可以实时反攻，直至被擒抱、出界或得分。没有接住的横向传球，或者被防守球员接住的横向传球，都被认为是失误。失误和抄截统称为**失误**。在大学比赛的规则中，倒地捡球的球员，即使没有被擒抱，也不能推进球。
 +  * 进攻的一方尝试射门失败。防守一方可在上一次开球处开始进攻（在NFL，是射门处）。如果射门处是底线前二十码之内，原防守一方在二十码线开始进攻。
 +  * 防守得到“安全分”。如果进攻方的持球人在自己的终结区被擒抱或被迫出界，或在终结区丢球出界，或进攻方在终结区犯了某些罚球，防守方就得一个安全分，价值2分。然后进攻方必须从自己的20码线把球踢给防守方。
 +  * 进攻型持球者将球向前带入底线，然后球出界。这种罕见的情况会导致**触地得分**，球会在对方20码线上越过对方。(然而，在非进攻性的特殊队伍的比赛中，如点球和开球，触地得分是很常见的。)
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +=== Scoring - 得分 ===
 +
 +{{ :asc:american-football-kick.jpg?400 | A player attempts a field goal.}}
 +
 +<span lo>A player attempts a field goal.\\ 球员尝试射门得分</span>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +A team scores points by the following plays: 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +球队通过以下几项得分:
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +  * A **touchdown** is worth six points. It is scored when a player runs the ball into or catches a pass in his opponent's end zone.
 +  * A **//conversion//**. After a touchdown, the ball is placed at the other team's three-yard line (the two-yard line in the NFL). The team can attempt to kick it over the crossbar and through the goalposts in the manner of a field goal for one point (an **extra point** or **point after touchdown** (PAT)), or it may run or pass the ball into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown for two points (a **two-point conversion**).
 +  * A **field goal** (FG) is worth three points. It is scored by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goalposts. Field goals may be placekicked (kicked when the ball is held vertically against the ground by a teammate) or drop-kicked (extremely uncommon in the modern game). A field goal is usually attempted on fourth down instead of a punt when the ball is close to the opponent's goal line, or when there is little or no time left to otherwise score.
 +  * A **safety**, worth two points, is scored by the defense when a ball-carrier is tackled in his own end zone, etc., as explained above.
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +  * **达阵**得6分。当一名球员将球跑进对方的端区或接住对方的传球时，即可得分。
 +  * 一个**//转换//**。达阵后，球被放置在对方的三码线上（NFL的两码线）。球队可以尝试用射门的方式将球踢过横梁，穿过门柱，获得1分（加分或触地后得分），也可以用触地的方式将球跑进或传进底线，获得2分（两分转换）。
 +  * **射门**（简写为FG）得分得3分。它的得分方法是将球踢过横梁并穿过门柱。射门得分可以是定位球（当球被队友垂直贴地时踢出）或落踢（在现代比赛中极不常见）。当球接近对方球门线时，或当剩下的时间不多或没有时间得分时，通常会在第四次进攻中尝试射门而不是弃踢。
 +  * **安全球**，得2分，得分可由诸如当持球人在自己的端区被擒时、由防守方得分等等。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +=== Kickoffs and free kicks - 踢开球与任意球 ===
 +
 +{{ :asc:penn-state-kickoff.jpg?400 | A kickoff}}
 +
 +<span lo>A kickoff\\ 一个踢开球</span>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Each half begins with a kickoff. Teams also kick off after scoring touchdowns and field goals. The ball is kicked using a kicking tee from the team's own 30-yard line in the NFL and college football (as of the 2007 season). The other team's kick returner tries to catch the ball and advance it as far as possible. Where he is stopped is the point where the offense will begin its **drive**, or series of offensive plays. If the kick returner catches the ball in his own end zone, he can either run with the ball, or elect for a touchback by kneeling in the end zone, in which case the receiving team then starts its offensive drive from its own 20-yard line. A **touchback** also occurs when the kick goes out-of-bounds in the end zone. A kickoff that goes out-of-bounds anywhere other than the end zone before being touched by the receiving team results in a penalty. Unlike with punts, once a kickoff goes 10 yards, it can be recovered by the kicking team. A team, especially one who is losing, can try to take advantage of this by attempting an **Onside kick**. Punts and turnovers in the end zone can also end in a touchback. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +每半场以开球开始。球队也会在达阵得分和射门得分后开球。在美国橄榄球联盟和大学橄榄球中，球是从球队自己的30码线上用踢球板踢出的（从2007赛季开始）。另一队的踢球回传者试图接住球并尽可能地推进。他被拦截的地方就是进攻方开始**进攻**的地点，或一系列的进攻战术。如果回踢队员在自己的端区接球，他可以选择带球跑，或者选择在端区跪下来选择达阵，在这种情况下，接球队从自己的20码线开始进攻。当球被踢出终点区界外时，也会发生**达阵**。开球在被接球队碰触前，在终点区以外的任何地方出界都会被判罚。与点球不同，一旦开球跑出10码，就可以由踢球队追回。一支球队，特别是输球的球队，可以尝试用**短踢**来取得优势。踢球和在终点区的失误也可以以触地得分结束。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +After safeties, the team that gave up the two points puts the ball into play with a punt or placekick from its own 20-yard line. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +触发安全球后，丢掉两分的球队在自己的20码线上用短跑或定位球将球重新投入比赛。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +=== Penalties - 处罚 ===
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Rule violations are punished with **penalties** against the offending team. Most penalties result in moving the football towards the offending team's end zone. If the penalty would move the ball more than half the distance to the defense's end zone, the penalty becomes half the distance to the goal instead of its normal value. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +违反规则的行为将使违规队伍受到**处罚**。大多数罚球的结果是将足球移动到犯规队的端区。如果罚球将使球移动到防守队端区的距离超过一半，则罚球将变成到球门距离的一半，而不是通常的距离。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +Most penalties result in replaying the down. Some defensive penalties give the offense an automatic first down. Conversely, some offensive penalties result in the automatic loss of a down. If a penalty gives the offensive team enough yardage to gain a first down, they get a first down, as usual. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +大多数罚球的结果是重档。一些防守罚球使进攻者自动获得第一次进攻。相反，一些进攻罚球会导致自动失去一攻。如果罚球给进攻队带来足够的码数来获得一攻，他们就会像往常一样获得一攻。
 +</div>
 +</div>
 +
 +<div group>
 +<div half column>
 +If a penalty occurs during a play, an official throws a yellow flag near the spot of the foul. When the play ends, the team that did not commit the penalty has the option of accepting the penalty, or declining the penalty and accepting the result of the play. 
 +</div>
 +
 +<div half column>
 +如果在比赛中发生了罚球，一位裁判员会在犯规地点附近抛出黄旗。当比赛结束时，没有罚球的一方可以选择接受罚球，或者拒绝罚球并接受比赛结果。
 </div> </div>
 </div> </div>
  
  • asc/american-football.1597977922
  • 最后更改: 2020/08/21 02:45
  • 由 dunbar